Volume 9 Issue 1

Md. Hossen Ali¹, Md. Harun-ur-Rashid², Md. Nozmul Hassan², Nusfatut Tasnin³ and Md. Mostain Billah¹

¹Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Saver, Dhaka-1341
²Department of Dairy Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202
³Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200

The experiment was performed to evaluate the quality of raw milk available at different markets of Mymensingh region of Bangladesh. For this purpose the raw milk samples were collected from different markets of Mymensingh (T₁), Jamalpur (T₂), Netrokona (T₃) and Serpur (T₄) districts and immediately transferred to the Dairy Technology and Microbiology Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for analysis. Parameters studied to monitor the quality of milk samples were physical (colour, flavour, taste, texture and specific gravity), chemical (acidity, fat, ash, protein, lactose, TS and SNF) and microbiological (total viable count and coliform count). Organoleptic test revealed that the raw milk samples of Mymensingh (T₁) district were yellowish white 66.66%, Whitish 33.33%; Jamalpur (T₂) were yellowish white 66.66%, light yellowish white 33.33%; Netrokona (T₃) were yellowish white 100% and Serpur (T₄) were yellowish white 33.33%, light yellowish white 33.33% and Whitish 33.33%. Samples of T₁, T₂ and T₃ had normal flavor (pleasant aromatic flavour) but only T₄ had 33.33% abnormal flavour. All the raw milk samples were slightly sweet in taste. Milk samples collected from Netrokona (T₃) showed normal texture (free flowing liquid) but Mymensingh (T₁), Jamalpur (T₂) and Serpur (T₄) had free flowing liquid 66.66% and thin texture 33.33%.The specific gravity of all raw milk samples were more or less same (1.026±0.00). There were significant (P< 0.01) differences in chemical parameters (fat and protein) between the raw milk samples.Highest fat (34.30 ±1.00 g/kg) was found in Mymensingh (T₁) and highest protein (31.90±0.20 g/kg) was found in Serpur (T₄). The overall percentage of acidity was 0.16 ±0.01. The average total viable count (cfu/ml) and coliform count (cfu/ml) were 19.26×10³ and 559.164, respectively and it was observed that total viable count (cfu/ml) and coliform count (cfu/ml) of milk samples were high.Itis concluded thatthe raw milk quality of different markets of Mymensingh region of Bangladesh was more or less similar butdid not fulfill the legal standard of milk composition. Poor hygienic milking, improper cleaning of dairy utensils, unhygienic handling during marketing of raw milk and use of adulterated with addition of water mayresponsible for unhealthy and inferiority of the milk.

Keywords: Quality, milk, physical, chemical, microbiological and acidity.

Corresponding author: MM Billah
E-mail address: mostainbau@gmail.com

Cite this article: Ali, M.H., Rashid, M.H., Hassan, M.N., Tasnin, N. & Billah M.M. (2023). Quality of raw milk available at different markets of Mymensingh region of Bangladesh. International Journal of Applied Research, 9 (1): 01-06. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8378435.

Ebuka E. Aniebonam¹, Kenneth Chukwuba¹*, Nwafor, Emeka², George Taylor^1,3

¹Department of Business, Innovation and Strategy Southwest Minnesota State University
²Department of Agronomy, Southwest Minnesota State University
³Center of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southwest Minnesota State University

The significance of some factors related to leadership styles remains a critical supportive element in an organization. The absence of these factors might negatively affect deliverables. This study aims to systematically review the literature on transformational leadership styles and transactional leadership styles in an organization. The data for the paper were from the available web of knowledge literature on transformational leadership styles and transactional leadership styles. Google Scholar discovered 19,600 results, reviewed articles 1,770 results, and only 780 results for sort by relevance. The researchers selected 50 articles from among 155 papers uncovered in the databases and somehow related to the object of study. The systematic review research appraised articles from 2019 focusing on the components of transformational leadership and transactional leadership styles. Overall systematic literature review showed that transformational leadership encourages higher levels of innovation and creativity measured by divergent thinking among group members. On the other hand, the ability of leaders to properly implement transformational and transactional leadership styles can lead to higher followers’ trust in the leaders.

Keywords: Leadership styles, organization, transformational leadership, transactional leadership.

Corresponding author: Kenneth Chukwuba
E-mail address: kenneth.chukwuba@smsu.edu

Cite this article: Aniebonam, E.E., Chukwuba, K., Emeka, N. & Taylor, G. (2023). Transformational leadership and transactional leadership styles: systematic review of literature. International Journal of Applied Research, 9 (1): 07-15. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8410953.

Most. Mahbuba Khanum¹*, Md. Nuruzzaman¹, Mousumi Akther², Md. Abdullah Al Malek³, Md. Abu Abdullah Al Muzahid⁴, Muhammad Shamsul Huda¹

¹Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rajbari, Dinajpur
²Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur
³Hill Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Khagrachari
⁴Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Khamarbari, Dhaka

The study was aimed to find out the optimum planting time and nutrient dose of broccoli in early planting condition when the demand and price of broccoli are high in the market. The experiment was carried out at the research field of Agricultural Research Station, Rajbari, Dinajpur (Latitude: 25⁰38̍8.75˝ N, Longitude: 88⁰39̍5.70˝ E) during rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (Factorial) with three replications. This factorial experiment comprising: A. Three Planting times viz. P₁= 30 October, P₂=15 November, P₃=30 November and B. Four levels of nutrients viz. T₁= STB Recommended chemical fertilizer (RCF) (120-24-60-20-2-1.5 kg/ha NPKSZnB), T₂=T₁+ 25% of NPK (150-30-75-20-2-1.5 kg/ha NPKSZnB), T₃=IPNS with vermicompost 1.5 tha^-1(80-20-50-15-1-1 kg/ha NPKSZnB) T₄= IPNS with vermicompost 3 tha^-1 (76-18-45-15-1-1 kg/ha NPKSZnB). Recorded data regarding on plant height, number of leaves per plant, curd diameter, curd length, number of secondary curd per plant, main curd weight, secondary curd weight per plant and total yield were superior to P₁T₄ treatment combination followed by P₁T₃ combination. Results of economic analysis showed that the maximum gross return (Tk. 556800 ha^-1) and gross margin (Tk. 379000 ha^-1) were recorded from the treatment combination P₁T₄ but the maximum benefit cost ratio (3.17) was obtained from P₁T₃ treatment combination due to higher total variable cost on P₁T₄ treatment combination in two consecutive years. As such, IPNS with vermicompost 1.5 tha^-1 when planted on 30 October (P₁T₃) might be more profitable and economically feasible for broccoli growers in the Dinajpur region.

Keywords: Broccoli, planting date, nutrient management, cost-benefit ratio.

Corresponding author: M. M. Khanum

E-mail address: mahbuba.bari27@gmail.com

Cite this article: Khanum, M.M., Nuruzzaman, M., Akther, M., Malek, M.A.A., Muzahid, M.A.A.A. & Huda, M.S. (2023). Effect of planting date and nutrient management on yield of broccoli. International Journal of Applied Research, 9 (1): 16-21. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10444340.

Gayatri Sharma and P. J. John

Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004

Enormous rise in human subjection to heavy metals has been brought about by the industrial campaigns of the previous century. The most familiar heavy metals to bring about human poisonings have been Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), and Aluminium (Al). Here, we have reviewed the bioaccumulation, mechanism of action of toxicity and remediation of the non-essential heavy metals. These non-essential Heavy metals are bioaccumulated in the body, with a variety of noxious effects on different human tissues and organs. Heavy metals have an impact on the effects of apoptosis, differentiation, cellular growth, division and other biological functions. Mechanisms of action also reveal similar ways in which these metals cause toxicity, including ROS production, reduced antioxidant shielding, enzyme dismissal and oxidative stress. However, heavy metals are steady in the environment and do not biodegrade, so remediation is therefore necessary to both prevent heavy metal leaching or mobilization into environmental components and to make their extraction easier. Metal pollutants can be used by microbes as an energy source to change them into less harmful forms. Metal detoxification through bioremediation and phytoremediation using microorganisms and plants is effective, economical, and environmentally beneficial.

Keywords: Heavy metals, bioaccumulation, toxicity, bioremediation.

Corresponding author: P. J. John

E-mail address: placheriljohn@gmail.com

Cite this article: Sharma, G. & John, P.J. (2023). A review on non-essential heavy metals: Their bioaccumulation and bioremediation. International Journal of Applied Research, 9 (1): 22-34. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10726607.

Md. Ashraful Islam¹, Razia Khatun¹*, Masud Rana², Sabina Yasmin¹, Syidul Islam¹, Sharmin Sultana¹, Sadek Ahmed³ and Nasrin Sultana⁴

¹Farming System Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341
²Incharge, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute Regional Station, Jashore Sadar, Sadar
³Goat Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341
⁴Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341

Goat farming is a profitable business for the women and rural farmers of Bangladesh. Due to the increasing population and decreasing land size, it was difficult to rear goats in a semi- intensive farming system. Now, farmers are rearing goats in a closed system with stall feeding. Straw-based complete pellet feed may offer a cost-effective solution with balanced nutrition, enhancing the production performance of goats in Bangladesh. A straw-based complete pellet feeding trial was done in black bengal and cross-breed goats in Jashore Sadar and Shorifbag, Dhamrai areas. Young goats of about 4-10 months of age were selected and divided into treatment and control groups in each location. Then straw-based pellet feed was supplied to the treatment group and data were recorded on different parameters and analyzed in SPSS Software. In this study, the average daily gain of cross-breed goats in the Jashore treatment group was 85.33gm which is higher than the control group (44.25gm). Whereas in the Shorifbag area, the average daily gains of black bengal goats were 80.19 ± 17.91gm in the treatment group and 27.43 ± 4.30gm in the control group. The average body weight change of cross-breed goats was 8.53 ± 2.18kg in the treatment group and 4.42 ± 0.57kg in the control group. In black bengal goats average body weight change was 5.77 ± 1.29 kg in the treatment group whereas 1.97 ± 0.31kg in the control group. In black bengal goats the FCR value was 6.36 compared to cross-breed goat 7.11. BCR in complete pellet-feeding black bengal goats was 2.47 and in cross-breed goats 2.21. Whereas in the control group, BCR were 1.15 and 1.31 for black bengal and cross-breed goats respectively. This result suggests that complete pellet feeding would be more economical in community-level goat production under stall-fed conditions, and farmers will be more benefited using complete pellet feed compared to conventional grass and concentrate feed.

Keywords: Straw-based Pellet Feed, Goat Production, Community Level, Bangladesh.

Corresponding author: Razia Khatun

E-mail address: rkbaby96@yahoo.com

Cite this article: Islam, M.A., Khatun, R., Rana M., Yasmin S., Islam S., Sultana, S., Ahmed, S. & Sultana N. (2023). Impact of straw-based complete pellet feed on goat production at the community level in selected areas of Bangladesh. International Journal of Applied Research, 9 (1): 35-39. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10852445.

Iffat Ara Mahzabin¹*, Mohammad Maruf Hasan¹ and Md. Rashedur Rahman²

¹Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh, Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
²Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Bangladesh has achieved self-sufficiency in food availability. However, a considerable number of population still remain in extreme poverty and are unable to afford a basic food consumption basket. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation has worsened resulting millions of people had fallen under poverty line. Apart from the prevailing deficit in total calorie intake, the normal diet of Bangladeshi people is seriously imbalanced, with more than 60 percent of calories derived from cereals. This dietary imbalance reflects insufficient domestic production of non-cereal foods (pulses, oilseeds, meat, milk and eggs), low incomes, food preferences and lack of nutrition education.  The rural communities of char area refacing multiple livelihood challenges. Food security condition of the char’s people is vulnerable. Women can play vital role in achieving food security at household level. This study focuses on the capacity building of char women. The main objectives of the study were to determine the extent of need for capacity building of char women in achieving household food security and to explore the relationship of the eleven selected characteristics of the char women with their extent of need for capacity building. A total of 90 women from two villages of Shaympur union of Melandah upazila (sub-district) under Jamalpur district were selected as sample of the study. Data were collected by using a structured interview schedule during 15 February to 15 March 2023. Need for capacity building of women was the dependent variable and the eleven selected characteristics of the respondents constituted the independent variables. To measure the extent of need for capacity building of char women, total 21 aspects under four dimensions of capacity building were included namely i) need for decision making ability, ii) need for access to support services, iii) need for management skill, and iv) need for physical facilities. The dimensions were measured on a four-point rating scale with the responses like ‘no’, ‘low’, ‘medium’, and ‘high’ along with corresponding scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The highest proportion (66.7%) of the respondents had medium need while the rest (33.3%) of them had highest need for capacity building and none of them had low extent of need for capacity building. Among the characteristics of the respondents, extension media contact, decision making ability and knowledge on food utilization showed significant negative relationship with their extent of need for capacity building. Therefore, the policy makers, concerned government and non-government organizations should closely examine the multifaceted role of women in achieving household food security.

Keywords: Capacity building, char women, household food security, COVID-19 pandemic.

Corresponding author: Iffat Ara Mahzabin

E-mail address: mahzabinagext@bau.edu.bd

Cite this article: Mahzabin, I.A., Hasan, M.M. & Rahman, M.R. (2023). Assessing need for capacity building of rural women in achieving household food security: A study after COVID-19 pandemic from riverine area of Bangladesh. International Journal of Applied Research, 9 (1): 40-46. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10889058.

Aung Sing Hla Marma¹*, Md. Nasimul Bari², A. B. M. Shafiul Alam³, Md. Shefaur Rahman³, Md. Golam Mostofa¹ and Mongsano Marma⁴

¹Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
²Professor, Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
³Senior Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
⁴Senior Scientific Officer, Hill Cotton Research Station, Balaghata, Bandarban, Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Hill Cotton Research Station, Bandarban hill district in 2017 to see the effect of weed control methods on weed infestation behavior and performance of cotton. The treatments were non-selective herbicide + hand weeding, non-selective herbicide + hand weeding+ earthing-up, post-emergence herbicide, post-emergence herbicide + hand weeding, hand weeding, hand weeding + earthing-up, and control, arranged in RCB design. Thirty six weed species were found to infest the experimental field of which 10 were grasses, 6 were sedges, and 20 were broadleaves. Application of post-emergence herbicide with three hand weeding provided the highest weed control efficiency (74.55%) compared to other treatments in cotton field. Pre-planting application of non-selective herbicide followed by hand weeding and earthing-up contributed to the tallest cotton plants (160.80cm) at harvest and the highest number of cotton flower buds (12/plant) at 60 days after sowing, whereas leaf development at 60 DAS was favorably affected by the application of three hand weeding + earthing-up (71.33 leaves/plant). Application of three hand weeding accompanied by earthing-up contributed to the highest cotton fiber yield (3.889 t ha^-1). In the context of productivity of cotton, application of three hand weeding along with earthing-up seemed to be the best option for weed management in cotton at hill base as observed through this study.

Keywords: Cotton; hill base; weed management.

Corresponding author: Aung Sing Hla Marma

E-mail address: aungsing1993@gmail.com

Cite this article: Marma, A.S.H., Bari, M.N., Alam, A.B.M.S., Rahman, M.S., Mostofa, M.G. & Marma, M. S. (2023). Evaluation of weed management options for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivation at hill base in Bandarban. International Journal of Applied Research, 9 (1): 47-54. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10893208.