Volume 6 Issue 1

Romuald Teguia Doumbi¹, Guy Bertrand Noumi¹, Jean Loctene Akoulah¹, Domga^2,3

¹Department of chemistry, Faculty of Science (FS), University of Ngaoundere, B.P. 454 Adamaoua, Cameroon
²Department of Applied Chemistry, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences (ENSAI), University of Ngaoundere B.P. 455 Adamaoua, Cameroon
³CSIR – Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630006, India

The aim of this study was to show the efficiency of graphite as bifunctional electrode material on the electrochemical degradation of the synthetic solutions of methyl orange (MO) dye. Graphite material was obtained from recycled spent lithium ion batteries. The electrode material was successively treated and characterized. Afterwards, they were used as anode and cathode in electrochemical device for discoloration and degradation studies. The dye discoloration was monitored spectrophotochemically by measuring the absorbance of the remaining dye at the maximum absorption wavelength λmax=465 nm (methyl orange). To measure methyl orange degradation, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal also was evaluated.  The influence of operating parameters, including sodium chloride (NaCl) dosage, current density, initial dye concentration, time of electrolysis and pH, on the removal of MO was studied.  It was found that maximum dye discoloration was 99.5% (current density 10mA/cm², electrolysis time 30 min, NaCl concentration 2.5 g/L, and initial dye concentration 8mg/L).Maximum COD removal was recorded 48.61% at current density 72 mA/cm², electrolysis time 240 minutes, NaCl concentration 10 g/L, and initial dye concentration 75mg/L. The energy consumption per unit COD mass (EC_COD) of the indirect anodic oxidation of MO synthetic solution was 1.14 kWh (g COD)^-1 after 240 min of treatment. The instantaneous current efficiency was 8.69% also after 240 minutes of electrolysis. Electrochemical degradation of MO was achieved over graphite as a bifunctional electrode. The results also showed that graphite electrode from spent lithium ion batteries in presence of chloride ion, has a good efficiency for electrogeneration active chlorine species played an important role in electrochemical degradation of refractory dyes in aqueous solution and the method could be used for this purpose but it is suitable and environment-friendly.It was concluded that current density and supporting electrolyte concentration are the most effective factors for electrochemical discoloration of pollutant.

Keywords: Bifunctional electrode, Methyl orange, Electrochemical degradation, Graphite material, Spent lithium ion batteries.

Corresponding author: Romuald TEGUIA DOUMBI
E-mail address: teguiaromuald@yahoo.com

Cite this article: Teguia, R., Noumi G.B., Akoulah J.L. & Domga (2020). Indirect electrochemical degradation of methyl orange dye on graphite bifunctional electrode. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 01-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12161202

Kenneth Uzoma Chukwuba

Department of Management, Southwest Minnesota State University, 1501 State St. Marshall, MN 56258, USA

Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their full potential. Human development is about expanding the quality of human life by focusing on people, their opportunities and choices rather than simply the quality of the economy in which we live. The objective of this paper was to examine the management techniques that can be used in an organization by applying Morgan’s “images” as it relates to the history of management thought, represented by major schools of thinking (such as scientific management). Also, this paper discusses Microsoft Corporation using four of Morgan’s organizational metaphors (organization as a culture, machine, organism, and brain) and how these images can be useful to managers, the consequences of stakeholder relations, and their views of organizations in an environment of sustainability. Main advantages, pitfalls, and possible future research are discussed. metaphors is a descriptive analysis of the images of organizations  and  the  eight  basic  metaphors  that  were  stated  in  Morgan’s  book,  its  implications  for management, how these images might help one understanding as a manager and the consequences of these images on stakeholder relationship with the organization.

Keywords: Images, Organization, Culture, Machine.

Corresponding author: K. U. Chukwuba
E-mail address: Kenneth.chukwuba@smsu.edu

Cite this article: Chukwuba, K.U.  (2020). Management in Human and Societal Development: “Images of Organization Analysis”. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 01-13. DOI : 10.6084/m9.figshare.12363350

Md. Ibrahim Ali¹, Md. Monjurul Islam¹, Md. Shahidul Islam¹, Md. Nazmul Hasan Mehedi²*, Md. Shamiul Haque³, Tania Sarmin¹, Md. Shah Abdullah Al Mamun⁴

¹Agronomy Division, ²Horticulture Division, ³Plant Breeding Division, ⁴Soil Science Division

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

An investigation was carried out at the Farm of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, during the period from November, 2018 to June, 2019 to study the effect of plant spacing on growth, yield and yield contributing characteristics of different onion varieties. There were three levels of plant spacing viz. 10×10 cm, 20×15 cm and 20×10 cm and three varieties viz Binapiaz-1, Binapiaz-2 and Taherpuri in rabi season and in kharif plant spacing viz. 20×10 cm, 20×15 cm, 30×10 and 30×20 cm and two varieties viz Binapiaz-1 and Binapiaz-2 were used for the study. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The plant spacing showed significant effects on most of the parameters studied among the varieties. It is clearly revealed that the wider spacing gave the highest result in bulb diameter (80.2 and 40.1 mm) in both kharif-1 and rabi season; but the closer spacing produced highest yield of bulbs (9.4 and 6.93 t ha^-1). Significant effect was found on the growth, yield components and yield of bulb among the three varieties.  The highest bulb yield (7.6 and 5.02 t ha^-1)was produced from Binapiaz-1 in both rabi and kharif season and the lowest (6.1 t ha^-1) was in Taherpuri cultivar in rabi season while Binapiaz-2 gave lowest yield (4.55 t ha^-1) in kharif season. The combined effect of plant spacing and variety demonstrated a significant variation. In rabi season, highest yield (9.3t ha^-1) was found in closer spacing i.e 10×10 cm in Binapiaz-1 followed by Binapiaz-2 (8.7t ha^-1) while in kharif season, highest yield (6.95t ha^-1) was found from Binapiaz-1 with 10×10 cm plant density. It was found that Binapiaz-1 performed better in respect of yield and other parameters in closer plant arrangement both in rabi and kharif season.

Keywords: Onion, Density, Varieties, Growth, Yield.

Corresponding author: Md. Nazmul Hasan Mehedi
E-mail address: nazmul02348@gmail.com

Cite this article: Ali, M. I., Islam, M. M., Islam, M. S., Mehedi M. N. H., Haque, M. S., Sarmin, T. & Mamun M. S. A. A. (2020). Effect of plant density on growth and yield attributes of different onion varieties. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 19-23. DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12458492

LaTrica Rhynes-Hicks

Eastfield College, Dallas County Community College District, 3737 Motley Drive. Mesquite, Texas 75150, USA

Currently the number of completed Advance Care Directives are low within the U.S., this number is surprising especially with the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) releasing the final payment rule in 2015 which allows for reimbursement of the discussion on Advance Care Planning (ACP) particularly Advance Directives(AD) of Medicare recipients (Zeitoun, 2015). This number is particularly low amongst persons in lower socioeconomic areas who live near or visit a community health center. Therefore present study was undertaken to examine the need for structured ACP education particularly on Advance Directive within the Dallas county hospital community health centers. With the use of a self- administered questionnaire, patients and caregivers visiting the community health centers were surveyed in the geriatric (persons 65 and older) unit. Persons accompanying the patient to the centers the day of the survey were considered as caregivers. Thematic analysis were used to examine the associations between knowing what advance care planning is, being interested in wanting to learn about advance care planning, having those plans written down, and preference to learning about advance care planning in a group session or privately. Data demonstrated that of the 102 respondents, 73.5% did not know what Advance Care Planning was. The majority of the respondents (80.4%) was interested in learning about Advance Care Planning and preferred it to be in a private setting. These data indicate amongst Dallas County hospital community health center participants, knowing what Advance Care Planning is and having those plans written down is low and highlights the need for structured education about the topic in the county hospital community health centers.

Keywords: Advance Care Planning, Advance Directives, Decision Making, Community Health Centers, Dallas County Hospital.

Corresponding author: LaTrica Rhynes-Hicks
E-mail address: latricahicks@dcccd.edu

Cite this article: Rhynes-Hicks L. (2020). Assessing the needs for advance care planning education in county hospital community clinics in Dallas, USA. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 24-30.

Romana Akter¹*,Mohammad Adil Badshah¹, Amena Sultana¹, Mohsina Jahan Turon², Mohammad Jahidul Islam³

¹Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh
²Department of Agriculture Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh
³Department of Entomology, Sher-e-Bangla Agriculture University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Intensive crop cultivation become popular in many parts of Bangladesh and the cropping pattern in Bangladesh is T. Aman rice based. To allow intensive crop cultivation short duration rice varieties should be selected. But due to adverse situation sometimes farmers have to delay transplanting with aged seedlings. So this experiment was taken to find out appropriate nitrogen management for short duration T. Aman rice with aged seedlings. The experiment was conducted in Aman 2017 at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) farm, Gazipur. The soil of BRRI farm was clay loam under Madhupur tract (AEZ 28).The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatment was fertilizer management options: M₁ = N: 70 kg ha^-1 and 1/3^rd as basal + 1/3^rd at 10 DAT + 1/3^rd at 25 DAT and M₂= N: 120 kg ha^-1 and 2/3^rd as basal + 1/3^rd at 25 DAT. The sub plot treatment was variety: V₁ = BRRI dhan56, V₂ = BRRI dhan62, V₃ = BRRI dhan71 and V₄ = BRRI dhan75. Sub-sub plot treatment was seedling age: A₁ = 20 days, A₂ = 25 days, A₃ = 30 days, A₄ = 35 days and A₅ = 40 days. M₁ gave higher yield for all aged seedlings. Comparatively higher yield was found in younger seedlings but with M₁ the yield reduction of aged seedlings of short duration rice varieties can be minimized.

Keywords: Nitrogen management, Short duration, T. Aman rice, Aged seedling.

Corresponding author: Romana Akter
E-mail address: rumi3859@gmail.com

Cite this article: Akter R., Badshah, M.A., Sultana, A., Turon, M.J. & Islam, M.J.(2020). Nitrogen management for short duration T. Aman rice with aged seedlings. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 31-36.

Pilag Kakeu Charles Bertin*, Kouhomou Clémence Zite, Tsakou Geoges Nazel

Faculty of Economics Sciences and Management, University of Dschang, Cameroun

Innovation is the core element of economic growth and sustainable development. While there is emerging literature showing that cooperation is a vector of innovation, very little is known in the context of developing countries and particularly in the context of Cameroon, were there is existing enormous potentiality of innovation and economic growth. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of cooperation on firms’ capacity to innovation. The empirical analysis focuses on the unobserved heterogeneity of externalities. The data analysis is based on a sample of 640 companies. The estimation method is a probit with selection from the analytical framework proposed by Heckman in 1979. The estimation is performed in two steps using the maximum likelihood estimator. The results revealed the existence of unobserved elements, due to cooperation, that reinforce the innovation capacity of firms. More specifically, the findings seem to suggest that the social benefits of R&D outweigh the private benefits, which is in line with external studies. To this end, innovation promotion policies should be oriented towards the promotion or intensification of cooperation in innovation. Future studies must take this into account.

Keywords: Innovation, Cooperation, Externalities, SMEs, Private R&D, social R&D.

Corresponding author: Pilag Kakeu Charles Bertin
E-mail address: pilagbertin@yahoo.com

Cite this article: Bertin, P. K. C. & Zite, K. C. & Nazel, T. G. (2020). Cooperation and firm’s capacity to innovation: Evidence from Cameroun. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 37-43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3949447 .

Khalifah Ali¹*, Haithem Ali Mohamed Ahmed Farghali² and Ashraf Ali Eldesoky Shamaa²

¹Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources – Kuwait City, Kuwait
²Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

Numerous  surgical  affections  are  common  among  sheep  and  goats  in different  localities  all  over  the  world  which  may  cause  economic  losses and  most of these  affections  are  curable. Neglection or late interventions to relieve such disorders lead to massive complications that may be ended by animal culling. In this study we recorded 75 cases of different surgical affections in sheep and goats in state of Kuwait. Among them 15 cases were metacarpus fracture, metatarsus fracture 12, tibia fracture 9, genital anomaly front & hind limb 5, mandibular fracture 4, front limb amputation 4, hind limb amputation 4, femur fracture 3, fetlock fracture 3, radius fracture 3, carpus joint 3, scapula fracture 3, hock joint 3, ulna fracture 2, homarus fracture 2. All surgical intervention has been successful in sheep and goats. The results imply that surgical disorders affecting the animal population in Kuwai city is a great threat for animal rearing. It could be mitigated by prompt surgical intervention of these defects.

Keywords: Surgical affections, Orthopedic, Fracture, Sheep, Goats, Kuwait.

Corresponding author: Khalifah Ali
E-mail address: vet-1@live.com

Cite this article: Ali, K., Farghali, H.A.M.A. & Shamaa, A.A.E. (2020). Orthopedic surgical affection in sheep and goats in state of Kuwait. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 44-49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3993908.

Md. Rashedul Islam¹*, Md.Mokammel Hoque Sawn¹, Md. Shajahan Kabir², Mohammad Mohi Uddin³, Md.Shohidul Islam⁴

¹Interdisciplinary Institute for Food Security (IIFS), Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
²Department of Rural Sociology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
³Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
⁴Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh

This study was carried out to investigate the household food security status of dairy farmer at three villages of Shahjadpur Upazila of Sirajganj District. This study was based on primary data using a semi-structured interview schedule during January to March 2018. Data were collected from a random sample of 60 household where the total dairy farmers were 240. Food security status of household of dairy farmer was measured on the basis of their per capita calorie consumption per day. Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient Correlation (r) was computed to explore relationship of the respondents selected characteristics and their food security status. Most of the households were (40 percent) moderately food secured per year, 25 percent household had food secured per year and 35 percent households were low food secured per year. Dairy farmer’s annual income, training experience, credit received had significant positive relationship with their household food security status.

Keywords: Food Security, Dairy farmer, Sirajganj.

Corresponding author: Md. Rashedul Islam
E-mail address: rashedulislam871@gmail.com

Cite this article: Islam, M. R., Sawn, M. M. H., Kabir, M. S., Uddin, M. M. & M. S. Islam (2020). Household food security status of dairy farmer at Shahjadpur upazila in Sirajganj district. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 50-59. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4003738.

N. A. Elhady, S. A. El-Sharabasy, R. R. S. Kassab, F. M. A. Soliman and E. A. A. Ali 

Faculty of Science (Girls’), Al-Azhar University, Nasr city Cairo, EGYPT

In this study, some recently amino triazole derivatives mainly 4-amino-5-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione(I),4-((furan-2-yl-methylene)amino)-5-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione(II), 4-((4-nitrobenzyl- idene)amino)-5-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (III), 4-((4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)amino)-5-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (IV), 5-phenyl-4-((3-phenyl-4-((3-phenylallylidene) amino)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione(V),4-(((3-phenyl-5-thioxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazole-4yl)imino) me thyl)benzal-dehyde(VI),and3-(((3-phenyl-5-thioxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl) imino) methylene) indolin-2-one  (VII) were synthesized and have been characterized on the bases of  FT- IR, 1H-NMR, mass spectrometer and elemental analyses. The synthesized amino triazole derivatives (I-VII) were physically inserted into epoxy resin formula by the ratio of [0.5%, 1.5%, 3%] to design a new green modified epoxy surface coating varnishes. The modified epoxy coating varnishes were evaluated using international standard test methods (ASTM), the main results are shown that; modified varnishes were considered a good anti-corrosion of mild steel coated by employing salt spray test, and a good flame retardant by using a limited oxygen index (LOI) method, also study the effect of this modification on some physical, chemical and mechanical properties of epoxy resin.

Keywords: Schiffs’ bases, Epoxy resin, Corrosion, Fire retardant.

Corresponding author: E. A. A. Ali
E-mail address: esraa_ahmedali88@yahoo.com

Cite this article: Elhady, A. N., El-Sharabasy, A. S., Kassab, S. R. R., Soliman, A. M. F. & Ali, A. A. E. (2020). New anticorrosion and flame retardant coating compositions based on 4-amino triazole derivatives, their Schiffs’ bases and epoxy varnish. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 60-72. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4013369.

Caroline Abiaziem

Saint Paul College, 235 Marshall Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102, USA

Diversity and inclusion have received attention in most higher education institutions in recent times. The purpose of this triangular qualitative case study was to explore the experiences and challenges of minority students in a four-year degree program of a faith-based university. The study was conducted in accordance with ethical research standards, institutional review board approval and participant’s consents. The theory of choice was the organizational change theory. The study explored how, over time, the institution had handled the issues of diversity, and what the employees perceived as best practices. The instruments used were interviews, focus group methods and historical document review. Data was analyzed using the constant comparative method. Based on the findings of the research, the results indicate that the administration is trending toward positive inclusive practices, but the pace is slow, with no sense of urgency. Identifying information were concealed and coded.

Keywords: Faith-Based, Diversity, Inclusion, student experience, Minority students.

Corresponding author: Caroline Abiaziem
E-mail address: stpaulcaroline@msn.com

Cite this article: Abiaziem, C. (2020). Improving diversity and inclusion in higher education: Vision and practical strategies. International Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1): 73-82. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4015973.